序 言
各位同学，如果你——
（1）准备把本书当做一本“新托福能力练习册”，请读序一；
（2）准备把本书当做一本“北美考试机经合集”，请读序二；
（3）没啥想法的话，那就两个序都读吧!
序一
这是一个变化太快的时代，似乎前一秒钟学生们还会一丝不苟地在大厚本子上记录笔记，下一秒钟他们就纷纷嚷着要求老人家注册“ 微博”、“微信”等高科技的账号来答疑。为了赶上时代潮流，我一把老骨头还真注册了一个微信账号（liuwenyonglasedu）：一方面用作玩票；另一方面，也顺便给几个特定的学生来答疑解惑。再后来，为了敦促这几个“不乖”的学生每天都能看点儿英文，我总顺手给他们群发一些难句和需要读的小文章。结果，有好几个同学都给我发微信说，每个星期只有一个句子翻译不够过瘾。其实我讲起来也很不过瘾，并且这样零散的知识不够系统，我担心对大家的帮助不够大——大家只把微信交流当做“玩儿”，而不是一个“课堂”。
于是，我和我的团队（乐闻携尔实验性教学项目组：王甜、王烨、卢丹丹）咬牙做了两个课堂：一个叫做“百日百句译”；另一个叫做“百日百篇读”。
所谓的“百日百句译”，无非是挑出新托福真实考试之中的100 个句子，先一天一句慢慢地讲解，之后再要求大家用讲解完的结构和用法来造句而已。
具体操作是这样的：
● 准备一个本子，每天从微信中把要翻译的英文句子抄写下来。
● 每天都花5 分钟时间看一下要翻译的这个句子（遇到不认识的单词要查、要背，积累词汇量）。
● 花些精力译一译（要多纠结，不追求速度，大概花10 分钟）。辛苦大家一定要动手，而不只是动脑：事情往往“想起来容易，做起来难”，而思考“如何翻译才更好”的过程，其实就是我们理清难句的过程，所以必不可少——这样第二天看解析的时候才会有更真切的感受。
● 为了能够事半功倍，将阅读和写作结合在一起，大家还要耐下性子完成汉译英的翻译训练，因为在以后的写作中或许能够派上用场（大概15 分钟）。
我想，每天花费半个小时（5+10+15 分钟），只需一百天就能使得阅读和写作水平有所提升。什么？觉得一百天太长？呵呵，我们在那些所谓有效的“速成理论”中都不知蹉跎了多少个一百天了呢！所以还是老老实实、扎扎实实地投入到英语能力的综合训练之中来吧。
所谓的“百日百篇读”，就是每天通过微信发布一篇英文文章，并配有题目。而这些文章都还原自2012 年至2013 年北美托福考试的阅读文章；对于相信机经的同学来说，这也算是一个练习的契机，因为2013 年至2014 年在中国内地的新托福考试中，很有可能会考到这些英文文章。这样的活动最适合以下人群参与：刚刚开始准备托福的同学，测试分数在80 分以下的同学，乐闻携尔“监狱”集训营班级的同学。
具体要求很简单：
● 每天花上20 分钟时间，把文章细细地读一遍。对于文章之中不认识的单词，一定要及时查出来（需要大家重点识记的单词，我们也已经在文中着重标出来了）。
● 做一下文章后面附带的题目：一方面，可以训练解题技巧；另一方面，也可以考查清楚同学们是否真正读懂了文章。
其实我一直觉得“top down”的英语学习方法才是正解：从文章阅读中积累词汇和句型，要远比背单词书有效得多——尽管看起来速度不快，但效率极高，因为有语境才会用。有些类似小时候的语文课：老师一天只教一篇文章，抠出五个生字，在文中讲解。
这个活动做了几十天了，参加的同学也越来越多。我和出版社的冬梅老师商量了一下，于是决定把微信课堂上的内容整理成册后出版发行，书名定为《新托福百日百句百篇》。分“上、中、下”三册，而中册就是我们在第31天至60天学的所有课堂内容。
2013 年3 月3 日的托福考试刚考完，就有如潮的同学发微信感谢我：因为当日考试的文章在“文勇的微信空中课堂”中都出现过（它们分别是“中世纪商人信用”、“猛犸草原”和“独居与群居”）。类似的情况在随后的3 月30 日这一天又发生了，有同学在考试的时候欣喜地发现了“Japanese Climate”和“Mesoamerica”这两篇文章。我觉得挺得意的同时，心里当然知道，这些同学取得好成绩是应该的——不是因为他们碰上了机经，而是因为这些同学中的大部分人我都特别眼熟，因为都是坚持每天参加百日读活动的乖孩子。哪里有
努力的人不成功的道理？
最后有两句话，一句要送给大家，另一句要送给自己：
“哪有什么胜利可言，挺住意味着一切。”
——里尔克
（微信课堂我们一起坚持，一步一步往前挪。）
“一扇门要开，手里有一万把钥匙，一把把试过来，来不及的。良师告诉你，一捅，就开了。”
——木心
（希望微信课堂能有希望朝这个方向多挪动一点儿，也希望我自己能够往这个方向多挪动一点儿。）
序二：Necessary Evil
“为什么会出版与机经沾边的书籍？”
开篇明义：其实我并不中意“机经”。
“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考GRE 的年代——在那段时间内的多次考题是可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。所以，尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。
与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的，但总归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可循的）。按照陈睿老师的说法，科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA 或SPSS 等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。这看上去是一件皆大欢喜的事情。
但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是：机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用。
尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。
请允许我以写作为例来进行阐述。其实提前知道作文题目在很大程度上并不会影响最终的写作成绩。回想2005 年以前的老托福时代，作文题目甚至是在考试前就已经提前告知了的——只要你愿意，就可以在考前将题库里面的185 个作文题目全都看一遍。大家不要觉得不可思议，事实上公布题库的行为在标准化考试中十分普遍：GRE 考试中的写作部分（无论是Issue 还是Argue 题）也都是提前公布题库的。
为何出题机构敢如此嚣张呢？因为这是一个考查写作（语言）能力的考试（而不是考查知识的丰富程度），它所公布的题库也并不是附有标准答案的问答题，所以即便提前获知题目，也并不能帮助写作能力糟糕的同学写出扎实、流畅乃至优美的文章来。
更进一步地说，即便是通过机经预测，在考前顺利将出题范围圈定在20 个话题以内；甚至再夸张一点，花时间把这些题目也都逐一写一遍；那么考试的时候也无非就是把已有的水平再重复发挥一次而已，最后该得多少分，还是多少分，不会变（即使根据这些预测题目把文章都写一遍，而且还都修订打磨成范文一般的美文，或者干脆考前去背诵大量的范文，往往也还是低分）。有些同学会不服气：
“难道是我背诵的范文本身写得不够好吗？”
事实往往并非如此。问题的关键在于同学们在考场上复述或者模仿范文时，如果能准确地把三分之二的精妙句子写出来就已经很不容易了，剩下的三分之一则是自身真实水平的体现。大家想想，当评卷老师看到这样一篇奇怪的文章时，结果会怎样？面对三分之二的异常精妙的内容以及三分之一掺杂其中的傻头傻脑的句子，同一篇文章中居然出现如此明显的水平差异，评卷老师当然很容易就能判定孰真孰假，最终的分数可想而知。（事实上，我并不反对研读范文，不然我也不会出版两本范文书。但显然，简单的背诵并不会收获好的效果——过些天我再与大家讨论范文如何研读的问题。）
既然写作如此，我想口语方面也容易得出类似的结论：与写作一样，口语并非考查知识的丰富内涵，而是考查语言的表达能力。另外，对于阅读和听力两个部分，如果大家仔细看过各种版本的机经就会发现，被回顾出来的考题内容大都缺乏细节，而在这两个科目中被考查得最多的不正是细节吗？这时候有同学会问：
“我的天啊！难道机经真的就这样一无是处吗？那你们为什么还要费心制作机经呢？”
在这里，我想告诉大家机经的真正意义之所在：
其一，对于中等水平的考生来说，提前通读可能考到的预测机经，能帮助他们克服内容构造上的不充分，从而在考试的时候可以把更多的精力放在最需要的地方。当考生已经通过机经了解到文章大意后，在考阅读和听力的部分时就能够将精力放在更可能会出题的细节上；而在写作和口语部分，则能够将精力放在斟酌字词句以及思考谋篇布局上，这样更有意义，而不至于再花时间去想具体要写什么内容，说什么话题。
显然，随着同学们复习程度的加深，以上这一点的意义将会逐步降低。任何一位经过了良好训练的同学，都有能力在短时间内了解一篇阅读文章或听力文本的大意（而不再单纯地依赖机经提供的那些不太准确的概述），而关于口语与写作的试题同学们也能在一系序列正规练习之后，掌握严密而有效的内容发展模式（因为构造内容的过程，经过训练可以在真正意义上内化为学生的一项能力）。
与此相反的是，对考试越是不熟悉的同学（比如在考前一个月才刚刚了解了一些托福考试的细则），或者现阶段水平还比较低的同学（模考总分低于80 分），的确都应该利用预测机经，提前构思考试内容。
其二，事实上机经还是一个纯粹的习题库。这些曾经在真实考试中出现过的试题，最能代表托福考试的风格。特别是对于写作和口语这两个科目来说，机经能帮助我们了解怎样的题目类型是 ETS 最喜欢考查的，而对此我们又应当如何回答；而在阅读和听力部分，机经则能帮助我们完成背景知识及复习方向的指示。若是我发现阅读机经中出现了一篇关于天文学的文章，并且自认为对此不太熟悉，那我就会额外把天文类的相应单词都好好地背诵一下，提前作准备以防考试的时候干瞪眼。显然，从这个角度来说，机经可以指出我们阅读的盲点，听力部分也是如此。
其三，无论承认与否，机经对于考生心理上的安抚作用极为巨大。别人都看机经，我自己也看，这样才会心安。安慰剂的作用在医学上是可测的（若是不同意，请参考一个叫做“科学松鼠会”的网站），所以即便仅仅是为了追求心安而翻阅机经，其理由也是很充分的。事实上，我觉得心理安慰是如此的重要，以至于我自己都想开一个专栏，负责回答出国考试准备过程中的各类问题（硬广告：邮箱liuwenyong@lasedu.com。没错，我在模仿我的大爱连岳老师）。
其实我用“Necessary Evil”作为这篇短文的标题，也算是为制作机经的我们和阅读机经的你们开脱，毕竟这并不是一件多好的事情。亚里士多德说过的一句话放在这里或许会很合适，无论我们是否承认：
Evil draws men together.
（正是邪恶的想法，才能把人们聚集起来。）
乐闻携尔熬夜团 团支书
文勇
Day 31
阅读文章
The Development of Humanism
The term humanism is most often used to describe the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. The leading intellectual trait of the era was the revival of Greek and Roman studies, basing every branch of learning on the literature and culture of classical antiquity. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree, had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. The Church asserted that rampant individualism was identical with arrogance, rebellion, and sin. Medieval Christianity restricted individual expression, fostered self-abnegation and self-annihilation, and demanded implicit faith and unquestioning obedience. Furthermore, the Church officially ignored man and nature.
Historians are pretty much agreed on the fundamental point that the humanist mentality stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude. The man of the Renaissance lived, as it were, between two worlds. The world of the medieval Christian matrix, in which the significance of every phenomenon was ultimately determined through uniform points of view, no longer existed for him. On the other hand, he had not yet found in a system of scientific concepts and social principles stability and security for his life. In other words, Renaissance man may indeed have found himself suspended between faith and reason.
The dominating element in the finest classical culture, however, was aesthetic rather than supernatural or scientific. In the later Middle Ages, therefore, urban intellectuals were well on the road to the recovery of an aesthetic and secular view of life even before the full tide of the classical revival was felt. It was only natural that pagan literature, with its emotional and intellectual affinity to the new world view, should accelerate the existing drift toward secularism and stimulate the cult of humanity, the worship of beauty, and especially the aristocratic attitude.
As the grip of medieval supernaturalism began to diminish, secular and human interests became more prominent. The facts of individual experience in the here and now became more interesting than the shadowy afterlife. Reliance upon faith and God weakened. Indeed, as the age of Renaissance humanism wore on, the distinction between this world (the City of Man) and the next (the City of God) tended to disappear. Human experience, man himself, tended to become the practical measure of all things. The ideal life was no longer a monastic escape from society, but a full participation in rich and varied human relationships.
Almost everywhere, humanism began as a rather pious, timid, and conservative drift away from medieval Christianity and ended in bold independence of medieval tradition. The intellectuals of antiquity, in contrast to the Christians, were relatively unconcerned about the supernatural world and the eternal destiny of the soul. They were primarily interested in a happy, adequate, and efficient life here on earth. Humanism was incited by and in turn revived this pagan scale of virtues. As a result, the humanist movement started in Italy, where the late medieval Italian writers Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch contributed greatly to the discovery and preservation of classical works. Believing that a classical training alone could form a perfect man, the Humanists so called themselves in opposition to the Scholastics, and adopted the term humaniora (the humanities) as signifying the scholarship of the ancients. The collection and translation of classical manuscripts became widespread, especially among the higher clergy and nobility. The invention of printing with movable type, around the mid- 15th century, gave a further impetus to humanism through the dissemination of editions of the classics. Although in Italy humanism developed principally in the fields of literature and art, in central Europe, where it was introduced chiefly by the German scholars Johann Reuchlin and Melanchthon, the movement extended into the fields of theology and education, and was a major underlying cause of the Reformation.
——2012 年11 月3 日北美考试机经
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
The author has discussed the factors that contribute to the development of Humanism.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. The Christi an church suppressed men and individual expression for a very long ti me.
2. People in the Renaissance period began to lose faith in medieval Christi anity, yet had not fully adopted modern scienti fi c concepts.
3. The dominating element in the classical culture was aesthetic rather than supernatural or scienti fi c.
4. People became interested in living a happy life here on earth rather than in obeying the selfannihilati on atti tude of living demanded by Christi anity.
5. Many writers and scholars revived their interest in classical works and contributed to the spreading of ancient anti quity.
6. Humanism was developed in various areas, including literature, art, theology and educati on.
句子翻译
英文原文：
The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.
TPO-6 (2007.12.10): William Smith
本题全文及相应译文见免费共享资料“黄金阅读”〇1
小试身手：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考翻译：
建造运河来运煤的公司需要勘测员帮助他们探寻值得挖掘的煤矿矿床，并（需要勘测员）决定最佳的运河路线。
知识点小节：
面对这种句中没有标点符号的长句，最重要的是找出谓语。
1. “The companies” 是句子的主语，“building the canals to transport coal” 修饰前面的“companies”。
2. 此处不太容易判断出来“needed”是句子的谓语，是因为我们曾经遇到过很多“类似”的情况，其中“needed”引导的分词结构通常都是用来修饰前面的名词，比如“the coal needed to drive the engine”（带动引擎所需要的煤炭）。原句中大家应该注意到“needed”的后面还有一个名词“surveyors”， 这就涉及一个固定结构，即“need sb./sth. to do sth.”（需要某人/ 某物去做某事）。也就是说在这里“needed”并不需要充当定语来修饰任何名词，之所以加“-ed”是时态的需要，而非过去分词形式。只要大家能克服这层障碍，准确找出句子的谓语，那么整个句子的结构就豁然开朗了。
3. 词组“help sb. (to) do sth.”（帮助某人做某事）中的“to”可有可无。
4. 掌握词组“be worth sth./ doing sth.”（值得……），另一个意思相同的词组是“be worthy of sth./doing sth.”。注意：如果是单词“worth”的话，后面不能出现介词“of”；而如果是单词“worthy”的话，则后面必须要有介词“of”。例如同样是表达“这个博物馆值得参观”的意思，我们可以采用下面任意一种方式：
a. This museum is worth a visit.
=This museum is worthy of a visit.
b. This museum is worth visiting.
=This museum is worthy of visiting.
5. “as well as”相当于“and”，它连接“to help them find the coal deposits worth mining”和“to determine the best courses for the canals”（各位注意：两个并列成分都是“to do”结构）。第二个“to do”结构前省略了“needed surveyors”。其实很多情况下，为了避免语义重复，一般都会在不影响理解的基础上酌情省略，例如：
I always have a lot to say to him, and he to me.
（后半句的完整形式应该是“and he has a lot to say to me”。）
与本次句子翻译相关的阅读题目：
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from this paragraph about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the
process.
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
2. According to this paragraph, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?
A. It indicates the locati ons of England’s major canals.
B. It became most valuable when the steam locomoti ve made rail travel possible.
C. The data for the map were collected during Smith’s work on canals.
D. It is no longer regarded as a geological masterpiece.
汉英翻译练习：
每当去一个新地方时，我总会参观那里的博物馆，因为我觉得博物馆是很值得参观的：
它不但能帮助我们了解那个地方的很多历史，也能够帮助我们更好地理解当地的文化。
（尽量用到我们刚才新学的词组）
小试身手：
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参考翻译：
Whenever I arrive at a new place, I go to the museums that I believe are worthy of visiting: they not only help us get acquainted with much of the local history, but also gain a better understanding of the local culture.
大家想一想，该翻译练习是不是可以用到下面的托福写作中呢？
写作题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.
——2009.10.25
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