Chapter 1 Kinematics 2
1.1 Particle, reference frame and coordinate system 2
1.1.1 Particle and particle system 2
1.1.2 Reference frame and coordinate system 3
1.2 Physical quantities describing particle motion 5
1.2.1 Position vector 5
1.2.2 Displacement 6
1.2.3 Velocity 7
1.2.4 Acceleration 8
1.2.5 Two types of fundamental problems in kinematics 9
1.2.6 Application of particle kinematics in engineering technology 11
1.3 Planar curve motion in the natural coordinate system 12
1.3.1 Natural coordinate system 12
1.3.2 Planar curve motion in the natural coordinate system 12
1.4 Angular description of circular motion and the relationship between angular quantity and linearquantity 14
1.4.1 Angular displacement 15
1.4.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration 15
1.4.3 Relationship between angular quantity and linear quantity in circular motion 15
1.5 Relative motion 17
Scientist Profile 19
Extended Reading 19
Discussion Problems 21
Problems 21
Challenging Problems 23
Chapter 2 Dynamics 24
2.1 Newtons laws 24
2.1.1 Newtons first law 24
2.1.2 Newtons second law 25
2.1.3 Newtons third law 26
2.2 Several common forces in mechanics 27
2.2.1 Gravitational force and gravity 27
2.2.2 Elastic force 28
2.2.3 Friction 29
2.3 Application of Newtons laws 31
2.4 Inertial frame and non-inertial frame 35
2.4.1 Inertial frame and non-inertial frame 35
2.4.2 Inertial force in a non-inertial frame 36
Scientist Profile 37
Extended Reading 38
Discussion Problems 40
Problems 41
Challenging Problems 42
Chapter 3 Momentum, Energy and Angular Momentum 44
3.1 Law of momentum for a particle and particle system 44
3.1.1 Law of momentum for a particle 44
3.1.2 Law of momentum for a particle system 47
3.1.3 Application of the law of momentum in engineering technology 49
3.2 Conservation of momentum 51
3.3 Work, kinetic energy and kinetic energy theorem 53
3.3.1 Definition of work 53
3.3.2 Kinetic energy theorem 56
3.4 Conservative force, work and potential energy 58
3.4.1 Characteristics of work done by several common forces 58
3.4.2 Potential energy 61
3.4.3 Potential energy curve 63
3.5 Work-energy theorem and conservation of mechanical energy 65
3.5.1 Work-energy theorem for a particle system 65
3.5.2 Work-energy theorem 66
3.5.3 Conservation of mechanical energy 67
3.6 Conservation of energy 69
3.7 Angular momentum and conservation of angular momentum 69
3.7.1 Angular momentum of a particle relative to a certain point 70
3.7.2 Angular momentum theorem for a particle relative to a fixed point 71
Scientist Profile 75
Extended Reading 76
Discussion Problems 77
Problems 78
Challenging Problems 79
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Rigid Body Mechanics 81
4.1 Kinematics of rotation about a fixed axis 81
4.1.1 Definition of a rigid body 81
4.1.2 Basic motion of a rigid body 82
4.1.3 Description of rotation about a fixed axis 82
4.2 Fundamentals of dynamics of rigid body rotation about a fixed axis 84
4.2.1 Torque 84
4.2.2 Law of rotation (Newtons second law for rotation) 86
4.3 Calculation of rotational inertia 87
4.4 Application of the law of rotation 91
4.5 Kinetic energy and work in rotational motion 93
4.5.1 Work done by torque 93
4.5.2 Kinetic energy of rotation 94
4.5.3 Kinetic energy theorem of rigid body rotation about a fixed axis 94
4.6 Angular momentum of a rigid body and conservation of angular momentum 97
4.6.1 Angular momentum of a rigid body 97
4.6.2 Angular momentum theorem 97
4.6.3 Conservation of angular momentum 98
4.6.4 Application of conservation of angular momentum in engineering technology 98
Scientist Profile 101
Extended Reading 102
Discussion Problems 104
Problems 105
Challenging Problems 107
Chapter 5 Mechanical Oscillation 109
5.1 Simple harmonic motion 109
5.1.1 Definition of simple harmonic motion 109
5.1.2 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion 115
5.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion 117
5.3 Combination of simple harmonic motions 119
5.3.1 Combination of two SHMs on the same line and with the same frequency 119
5.3.2 Combination of two SHMs on the same line and with different frequencies 122
5.3.3 Combination of two SHMs with the same frequency and perpendicular to each other 123
5.3.4 Combination of two SHMs with different frequencies and perpendicular to each other 125
5.4 Damped and forced oscillation 125
5.4.1 Damped oscillation 125
5.4.2 Forced oscillation 128
5.4.3 Resonance 128
5.4.4 Application of the resonance phenomenon in engineering technology 129
Scientist Profile 131
Extended Reading 132
Discussion Problems 134
Problems 135
Challenging Problems 137
Chapter 6 Mechanical Wave 138
6.1 Generation and basic characteristics of a mechanical wave 138
6.1.1 Formation of a mechanical wave 138
6.1.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves 139
6.1.3 Wave line and wave surface 140
6.1.4 Characteristic physical quantities describing a wave 141
6.2 Wave function of a plane simple harmonic wave 143
6.2.1 Wave function of a plane simple harmonic wave 143
6.2.2 Physical meaning of the wave function 144
6.3 Wave energy and energy flux density 147
6.3.1 Wave energy 147
6.3.2 Average energy flux density vector 150
6.3.3 Amplitudes of plane and spherical waves 151
6.4 Huygens principle 152
6.5 Wave interference 154
6.5.1 Principle of superposition of waves 154
6.5.2 Interference of waves 154
6.6 Standing wave 158
6.6.1 Standing wave experiment 158
6.6.2 Standing wave equation 159
6.7 The Doppler effect 163
6.7.1 The Doppler effect 163
6.7.2 Application of the Doppler effect in engineering technology 166
6.7.3 Shockwave 167
Scientist Profile 168
Extended Reading 169
Discussion Problems 171
Problems 172
Challenging Problems 174
Part 2 Thermology
Chapter 7 Kinetic Theory of Gas 176
7.1 Microscopic characteristics of thermal motion of a gas system 177
7.1.1 Microscopic characteristics of a gas system 177
7.1.2 Statistical law of thermal motion of gas molecules 178
7.2 Pressure of ideal gas 179
7.2.1 Microscopic model of ideal gas 179
7.2.2 Pressure formula of ideal gas 179
7.2.3 Statistical significance and microscopic nature of the pressure formula 181
7.3 Microscopic interpretation of temperature 182
7.4 Energy equipartition theorem 185
7.4.1 Energy equipartition theorem 185
7.4.2 Internal energy of ideal gas 187
7.5 Law of the Maxwell speed distribution 188
7.5.1 Function of speed distribution 189
7.5.2 Law of the Maxwell speed distribution 190
7.5.3 Three statistical speeds of speed distribution 190
7.6 Law of the Boltzmann distribution 193
7.6.1 Law of the Maxwell velocity distribution 193
7.6.2 Law of the Boltzmann distribution 193
7.6.3 Application of the law of the Boltzmann distribution in engineering technology 195
7.7 Mean free path of a gas molecule 196
Scientist Profile 199
Extended Reading 200
Discussion Problems 202
Problems 202
Challenging Problems 203
Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 205
8.1 Basic concepts of thermodynamics 206
8.1.1 Equilibrium state parameters 206
8.1.2 State equation of ideal gas 207
8.2 The first law of thermodynamics 207
8.2.1 Quasi-static process 207
8.2.2 Work and heat in a quasi-static process 208
8.2.3 Internal energy in a quasi-static process 209
8.2.4 The first law of thermodynamics 210
8.3 Heat capacity 211
8.3.1 Definition of heat capacity 211
8.3.2 Molar heat capacity at constant volume 211
8.3.3 Molar heat capacity at constant pressure 212
8.3.4 Relationship between molar heat capacity at constant pressure andmolar heat capacity at constant volume 212
8.4 Application of the first law of thermodynamics 214
8.4.1 Isovolumetric process 214
8.4.2 Isobaric process 215
8.4.3 Isothermal process 216
8.4.4 Adiabatic process 217
8.5 Cycle process 221
8.5.1 Cycle process 221
8.5.2 Efficiency of a heat engine 222
8.5.3 Coefficient of performance 222
8.5.4 The Carnot cycle 224
8.5.5 Application of the thermodynamic cycle process in engineering technology 227
8.6 The second law of thermodynamics 229
8.6.1 Formulation of the second law of thermodynamics 229
8.6.2 Carnots theorem 231
8.7 Statistical significance of the second law of thermodynamics andthe principle of entropy increase 233
8.7.1 Statistical significance of the second law of thermodynamics 233
8.7.2 Principle of entropy increase 235
Scientist Profile 236
Extended Reading 237
Discussion Problems 239
Problems 239
Challenging Problems 242
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