Part I The Opium Wars and Characteristics Changing Part II Self-Strengthening in the Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism Part III Reform under the Menace of Partition Part IV Revolution and Republic Part V Ideological Awakening and the National Revolution Part VI The Struggling of the Nanjing Government from 1927 to 1937 Part VII The War of Resistance against Japan Part VIII The Civil War in China(1945-1949) and the Establishment